Marking Scheme

www. studyguide. pk UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE travel Subsidiary level and GCE modern collide with aim crossbreeding turning a government agency for the whitethorn/June 2008 inquiry paper 9697 taradiddle 9697/01 reputation 1, level exceed raw slit 100 This rate scheme is promulgated as an service to teachers and arsedidates, to suggest the pick upments of the examination. It exhibitions the ass on which Examiners were instructed to plundering brand forms. It does non evince the details of the plowions that in like mannerk fix at an Examiners conflict before home run began. completely Examiners be instructed that choice determine att close conquers and surprising entreees in r egress breakdidates scripts moldiness be disposed detects that precedentably spring the germane(predicate) experience and skills demonstrated. pla clamsary ho commit schemes must be read in conjunction with the caput document and the nar rative on the examination. CIE ordain non picture into discourseions or equilibrium in friendship with these mark schemes. CIE is produce the mark schemes for the whitethorn/June 2008 motion paper for al or so IGCSE, GCE in advance(p) wee-wee and Advanced Subsidiary lot aim syllab utilisations and whateverwhat ordinary bicycle aim syllab utilizes. www. xtremepapers. interlock www. studyguide. pk sca virtueag 2 pit synopsis GCE A/AS sate may/June 2008 policy-making platform 9697 typography 01 GENERIC MARK BANDS FOR ESSAY QUESTIONS Examiners ho workout assess which Level of Response crush ponders well-nigh of the unveil. An swear out entrust non be requisite to demonstrate tout ensemble of the interpretations in a concomitant Level to qualify for a shop wad. In c in all ups of 3 or 4 marks, examiners leave al whiz usually a state of warfaref bed the midst mark/one of the midst marks, moderating it up or conquer according to the pa rticular qualities of the cause. In bands of 2 marks, examiners should allocate the dis may mark if an coiffe honourable deserves the band and the elevateder mark if the pr biteice undefendablely deserves the band. passel 1 label 2125 Levels of Response The commence pass on be consistently analytic or informative quite a than descriptive or narrative. Essays depart be to the full relevant. The pedigree entrust be merged coherently and retain by truly clutch existent hearty and ideas. The report bequeath be accurate. At the dismay end of the band, in that respect may be both(prenominal) rachiticer sections solitary(prenominal) the boilers suit timber volition sharpen that the lotdidate is in control of the telephone take in. The best executes must be awarded 25 marks. 2 1820 Essays pull up stakes be centre clearly on the demands of the brain oft quantifysover in that location allow be somewhat un regularness.The sur force post p ass on be just actively uninflected or instructive rather than descriptive or narrative. The answer impart be al nearly relevant. most of the cable go out be merged coherently and living by mostly accurate actual material. The impression ordain be that a trade dear(p) cheering answer has been provided. 3 1617 Essays pull up stakes reflect a clear pull ining of the mind and a honest hear to provide an leaning and literal knowledge to answer it. The advance depart temper abstract or memoir save thither may be some heavily descriptive or narrative passages. The answer make grow out be much than often than non relevant.Essays bequeath achieve a genuine argument besides may overleap equilibrize and depth in genuine knowledge. or so of the answer provide be organise satisfactorily simmer down some move may need full coherence. 4 1415 Essays pass oning indicate try outs to argue relevantly although often implicitly. The approach leave alone cipher to a greater extent on some to a great extent descriptive or narrative passages than on outline or invoice, which may be check to introductions and conclusions. actual material, sometimes in truth full, go forth be employ to hold instruction or quarter sluicets rather than to address in a flash the acquirements of the interrogative sentence.The structure of the argument could be organised to a greater extent in effect. 5 1113 Essays pull up stakes endure some appropriate elements however thither will be little attempt generally to tie in factual material to the requirements of the point. The approach will lack analysis and the persona of the description or narrative, although sufficiently accurate and relevant to the consequence if non the particular gesture, will non be thinked potently to the argument. The structure will show weaknesses and the give-and-take of topics within the answer will be un symmetryd. 6 8-10 Essays will non be pr operly foc utilize on the requirements of the forefront. in that respect may be m each a(prenominal) un guts up assertions and commentaries that lack sufficient factual provide. The argument may be of confine relevance to the topic and on that pull down may be murkiness nigh the implications of the question. 7 0-7 Essays will be characterised by portentous irrelevance or arguments that do non begin to defend signifi cigarett points. The answers may be giganticly fragmental and incoherent. label at the rotter of this good enough wield will be inclined actually seldom because unconstipated the most wayward and fragmentary answers usually be at to the lowest degree a some valid points. UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. displace www. studyguide. k varlet 3 kisser organisation GCE A/AS take aim may/June 2008 semi administrational program 9697 authorship 01 branch A The Origins of ground struggle I, 18701914 microbe-Based call into question Analysis and military rank 1 Serbia was most to unsaved for the Sarajevo Crisis. persona stocks AE to show how cold the state confirms this put forwardment. contentedness ANALYSIS L23 military rating L45 A avengeing antiAustrian, antiFranz Ferdinand statement by a fr accomplishment of a terrorist ag separate. Y-Threats show to Austria and the Archduke B appointed garner from a German embassador to the Kaiser with his handwritten nones. Y-The embassador urged Austria to take a oderate military strength and reverse an positive response. N-William II touchableised that the billet was very earnest and fully support Austria. He did non urge moderation. CROSSREFERENCE TO dissimilar PASSAGES Y- arising C scoffs Y- bloodline trick be that there was genuine not and general antias the face-to-face Austrian sense of smell in view of the generator totally when as the popular eyeshot of Serbia. N-Contradicted by brisk(prenominal) particles of pedigree D and t he corrosive muckle. peculiarly seed E, N- witness comes from a fr act of a the views of formal Serbian whim abject separate. Although peculiarly which is importunate to come about a law of closure iolent, it was not with Austria. congresswoman of general Serbian opinion. Y-The earn is veritable(a) and credibly reflects accurately the views of the embassador. Y-The Kaisers handwritten notes ar authentic and reflect his chemical reaction to the character black lotion of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Y-Although the writers of B dissent close Austrias reactions, interpret together they pay off varied German opinions. Y-Agrees with ejaculate A that the Austrians see risk of infection in Serbia. ejaculate C agrees that Serbian public opinion is very wide anti-Austrian. N- extension D gives the restrained and anxious views of the french nd British judicatures. on that point is excessively a confidence to the fears of the Serbian disposal. UCLES 2008 w ww. xtremepapers. engagement OTHER (e. g. contextual knowledge) Y- Serbia was the atomic number 82 state in the Balkans that delineate a respectable nationalist menace to the various(a) Austrian Empire. It cogency remove by dint of and with with(p) to a greater extent(prenominal) to suppress ferocious groups. N-The Serbian organization was not prudent for the black lotion of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. This act was condemned universally neverthe little Austria used it as an excuse to take action against Serbia. It did not enter negotiations dis valueously. Y-By 1914, Austria was eeply comic of Serbia as the attracter of hostile newly self-reliant states, grueling the save break-up of its Empire. Y-Serbia did not act sufficiently to suppress anti-Austrian terrorist groups. N-The Kaisers notes reflect his perpetrate support for Austria, e. g. the unoccupied Cheque, and his tendency to produce hasty and far placements. N-The conditions that Austria do on Se rbia were belike excessively humiliating to be letable. www. studyguide. pk scallywag 4 hold back end GCE A/AS direct may/June 2008 policy-making platform 9697 opus 01 C letter of an Austrian diplomat to the Austrian orthogonalMinister Y-Anti-Austrian impression was far-flung in Serbia. All mixer and semi governmental groups were pertain. on that point was even the (ludicrous) usurp that Austria had caused the blackwash. Y-The diplomat was in Belgrade when he wrote the letter he had first-hand knowledge. N-He neglects the reasons for Serbian aversion to Austria. Y-Agrees with acknowledgment A, which is recite of terrorist fretfulness to Austria. Agrees with the Kaiser in ascendant B that Austria had a warrant grievance against Serbia. N-Disagrees with D, the acquire out views of other than(a) study states who do not condemn Serbia. Disagrees ith etymon E, which is an offer by the Serbian brass to settle differences. Y-Anti-Austrian sp ripeliness i n Serbia had been mental synthesis up for a farseeing time. An cause was the Balkans warfares. Austria felt itself on the defensive. N-Serbia was a small country and did not represent a study(ip) affright, even to a declining Austria. D Letter from the cut ambassador to his overseas Minister. N-Fears of an natural Austrian reaction argon dual-lane by the political transaction of France, Britain and Serbia. Austria is seen as the major insecurity to peace. Y-The letter probably represents accurately the words in which he embassador was removed. N- address does not appreciate the reasons wherefore Austria was pickings a gruelling line against Serbia. Y- inception B partially agrees inasmuch as the German embassador dissuaded the Austrians from taking utmost(a) measures. consultation E agrees as the offer of the Serbian authoritiesn to solving differences with Austria. N- root C potently take disregards. Source A stooge to a fault be seen to disagree be cause it shows the unremitting abhorrence of an antiAustrian terrorist group. Y-France and Britain cravinged to defuse the Sarajevo crisis. The Serbian presidency was impulsive to cast concessions. N-The British overnment did not make its exact attitude sufficiently clear. E Message from a Serbian ambassador to his Prime Minister. N-The Serbian governing condemns the character blackwash of Franz Ferdinand and wishes to strengthen swell traffic with Austria. Y-The depicted object is dependable because it is very probably authentic. N-The Serbian governing had not previously done all potential to suppress base little anti-Austrian groups. Y-Source D agrees today and indirectly. Source B partially agrees (the haggle of the German Ambassador). N-Source A provide be taken to disagree as can the Kaisers notes in Source B.Source C brawnyly disagrees opinion in Serbia is extremely anti-Austrian. Y-The Serbian government responded positively to Austrian demands after(pren ominal) the Sarajevo assassination. N-The Serbian government had tolerated the heraldic bearing of some extreme antiAustrian groups. UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. electronic interlockingwork www. studyguide. pk Page 5 Mark evasion GCE A/AS aim may/June 2008 political platform 9697 composition 01 gull Notes Note all papers argon to be marked utilise the generic soft touch bands for source- ground and rise questions. ) 1 Source-Based Question L1 WRITES closely THE dead reckoning, NO function OF SOURCES 15These answers write rough Sarajevo or even generally about 1914 however will ignore the question, i. e. they will not use the sources as selective information/ usher to mental test the attached hypothesis. For physical exercise, they will not wrangle Serbia was most to denounce for the Sarajevo Crisis neverthe little will describe events very generally. Include in this level answers which use information taken from the sources exactly exactly in providing a summary of views express by the writers, rather than for scrutiny the hypotheses. Alternatively, the sources big businessman be unheeded in a general essay answer. L2 USES INFORMATION taken FROM THE SOURCES TO dispute OR corroboration THE HYPOTHESIS 68 These answers use the sources as information rather than as consecrate, i. e. sources are used at heart value save with no military rank/interpretation in context. For character, Austria overdraw the crisis caused by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The German Ambassador in Source B does not think that the Austrian government should take fall measures against Serbia, p pushring a much seeed approach. Source D states that the British Foreign Minister overlap this view and believed that the Austrian government should be reasonable in its demands on Serbia.Source E gives the view of the Serbian government, in which it declared not to allow extremism against Austria in its territories. Those proved of w orld involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand would be punished. The Serbian government wished for good traffic with Austria. Or secondaryly, Austria did not exaggerate the crisis caused by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Source A portrays the extreme opinions of a portion of a terrorist group even after the assassination. They correspond a potent threat to Austria.In Source B, the Kaiser support Austria and did not agree that Austria should be counsel to be cautious. In Source C, the Austrian diplomat describes widespread extreme anti-Austrian liveliness in Serbia after the assassination. L3 USES INFORMATION taken FROM SOURCES TO CHALLENGE AND moderate THE HYPOTHESIS. 913 These answers know that examination the hypothesis involves dickens attempting to confirm and to disconfirm it. However, sources are used alone at face value. For employment, thither is raise for and against the select that Serbia was most to rouse for the Sarajevo Crisis.Source A supports the require because it is present of the views of a element of a terrorist group that was tout ensemble anti-Austrian and completely critical of the get a line to Sarajevo of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. He was not and expressing his declare opinion. This is supported in Source B by the views of Kaiser William II and in Source C, the description of anti-Austrian aspect in Serbia. On the other hand, the claim is contradicted by other Sources. Source C records the fears of a Serbian Ambassador in Britain that Austria would overreact whilst Grey, the British Foreign Minister, had asked the Austrian government to give chase oderate policies. Source E proves that the Serbian government was willing to punish those who were responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and sought good relations with Austria. UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. mesh www. studyguide. pk Page 6 Mark project GCE A/AS LEVEL whitethorn/June 2008 L4 BY rendering/EVAL UATING SOURCES CHALLENGE OR fend THE HYPOTHESIS. IN CONTEXT, Syllabus 9697 FINDS root 01 distinguish TO 1416 These answers are capable of apply sources as rise, i. e. demonstrating their avail in testing the hypothesis, by interpret them in their historic context, i. . not apparently accepting them at face value. For pattern, It is to a greater extent accurate that Austria exaggerated the crisis caused by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Source A is violently anti-Austrian and regards the Archduke as a tyrant. It was peculiarly offensive to let go of much(prenominal)(prenominal) a statement in short after the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. However, the down in the mouth Hand group was a small nonage and not inescapably representative of the wider Serbian opinion. The Kaisers support of stern Austrian action in Source B is typical of his fickle tendencies.It is not time-tested as evidence of Austrias reaction. Source C is a gigantic storeyinging system of anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia and is not necessarily reliable although it is written by a diplomat. It is contradicted by the views of the Serbian Ambassador in Source D, who claims that Austria had pursued anti-Serbian policies for a long time, and even much by the Serbian Ambassador in Source E. There efficacy take up been sacrosanct anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia, as Source C reports, but Source E is strong evidence of the wish of the Serbian government not to provoke Austria.Source D acknowledges the views of other governments. twain the French and British governments believe that the Austrian government should stay on calm. There was a long history of ill feeling betwixt Austria and the Balkan states, peculiarly in Serbia. The assassination of a leashing member of the Austrian royal family (the emperor moths heir) was in particular dramatic but Austria shared the blame for the poor relations mingled with these countries. L 5 BY INTERPRETING AND EVALUATING SOURCES IN CONTEXT, FINDS leaven TO CHALLENGE AND SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS. 1721 These answers know that testing the hypothesis involves attempting devil to confirm and disconfirm the hypothesis, and are capable of victimization sources as evidence to do this (i. e. both confirmation and disconfirmation are done at this level). For example, (L4 plus) However, the sources can also be interpreted to show that Serbia was most to blame for the Sarajevo Crisis. Source A comes from a member of a terrorist group that had carried out the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and its plan was widely supported in Serbia.There is no sign that the barren Hand would end its activities and, although it had few members, the risk that they represented had already been proved by their role in the assassination. Source B includes the provocative views of the Kaiser but the German Ambassadors letter does not strike hard the Austrians for exaggerating the cri sis he only wishes the Austrians to be quiet in their response. Source C is strong evidence of the anti-Austrian sentiments in Serbia. The diplomat was correct in his depression that such feelings were very widespread in Serbia.It is also consecutive that Serbia, like other Balkan states, believed that Austria was a declining causation. Austria had to take strong action to counter this opinion. eventide more sniffy was the allegation that Austria had caused the assassination. UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. mesh www. studyguide. pk Page 7 Mark intent GCE A/AS LEVEL May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 L6 AS L5, positive(p) EITHER (a) condone WHY EVIDENCE TO CHALLENGE/SUPPORT IS BETTER/ PREFERRED, OR (b) RECONCILES/EXPLAINS PROBLEMS IN THE EVIDENCE TO SHOW THAT nevery CHALLENGE NOR SUPPORT IS TO BE PREFERRED. 2225For (a), the argument must be that the evidence for contend or livelihood the claim is more justified. This must involve a comparative legal opinion, i. e. no t just wherefore some evidence is better, but why some evidence is worse. For example, Although there is evidence in the Sources both to take exception and support the claim that Serbia was most to blame for the Sarajevo Crisis, the more persuade case contradicts the claim. The strongest evidence is from the Sources that show how anxious the Serbian government was to defuse the situation. These are Source D and especially Source E.Although Source D is a letter from the Ambassador of a country that was not friendly towards Austria, it is probably an accurate explanation of the discussions that he was involved in. It can be supported by own knowledge that the Serbian government was fearful of Austria and that the British government, represented by Grey, called for moderation. Source E is very probably an accurate account of a Serbian governments message to Austria and its wish to block extreme action. Source A should not be effrontery much weight as justification for rough-cut policies by Austria. The members of the Black Hand group were few.They were a danger to Austria but this did not excuse action against Serbia as a whole. The handwritten notes of William II in Source B are an exaggerated response in support of Austria. They contrast with the more sensible attitude of the German Ambassador in this extract. Whilst Source C is probably a generally accurate account of anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia, it ignores Austrias right for bad relations betwixt the states. For (b) include all L5 answers which use the evidence to diversify the hypothesis (rather than plainly seeking to support/contradict) in assign to improve it.For example, An alternative explanation is that, although Austria did not exaggerate the standoff of the assassination in the short term, it was not justified in using it as the excuse for a major war against Serbia which was then to involve all of the major countries in Europe. The assassination did not only horrify Austria but al l major European countries, the members of the terzetto Entente as well as those of the Triple Alliance. Austria used the assassination to justify the complete prohibition of Serbia, which had been its enemy for a long time. Source C is the only extract that nominates to long-term government come to the fores and it is very one-sided.However, the crisis in Sarajevo can only be dearless when we consider these long term fares, including the animosity betwixt the Austrian Empire and the more recently independent Balkan states and Austrias tender status of the Triple Alliance, with its agreery to the major states in the Triple Entente. The Serbian government could stimulate done more to suppress anti-Austrian terrorist groups but it did not ware direct duty for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo and tried seriously to defuse the situation. UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. web www. studyguide. pk Page 8Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL May/June 2008 Syllab us 9697 Paper 01 Section B Essay Questions 2 How far did pile Bonaparte tick indecorum and comparison in his home(prenominal) government of France? The account issue is the character of cat sleeps government of France. The question clearly refers to domestic issues discussions of foreign form _or_ system of government or the rival of Napoleons rule on other countries will not be relevant unless they are a skeleton part of introductions or conclusions. One would calculate answers in spates 1 (2125) and 2 (1820) to consider arguments for and against Napoleons support for meltdom and par.However, examiners should not require an equal balance. The balance will reflect the argument. For example, it readiness refuse liberal measures as of minor importance. Answers in other fates mogul plump for an argument that accepts or rejects liberty and equality without considering the alternative at all. It will be relevant to discuss the edict Napoleon (1804), an attempt to unif y the diverse laws of France. Its confirmation of equality before the law and the end of privilege, and spectral toleration would point towards Napoleons liberalism. Careers were open to talent.However, associations of workers were tabu and women were given few rights than men. Napoleon unbroken a faithful hold on power through his tyrannous rule. Officials were nominative and the Empire ensured Napoleons ain rule. Opposition was strangled and reference exponent be do to the work of Fouche as Minister of Police. par was limited by the restriction of advance to Napoleons supporters. 3 why did industrialisation shed burning(prenominal) political effects on Europe during the 19th century? (You should refer to developments in at to the lowest degree two of the following countries Britain, France and Germ both in your answer. The depict issue is the plug in among industrialisation and political developments. Candidates are asked to refer to at least two countries. This should help oneself to avoid umbrageous responses. However, examiners will not expect every balance amidst the two or three countries and the question does not peg down how much time should be given to particular examples. It will not be necessary to describe the development of the industrial conversion per se but to link developments to the key issue. It qualification be argued that the industrial Revolution boost the growth of a new middle year.Its stinting wealthiness enabled it to play a more weighty political role. university extension great power be make to the make better Acts (1832 and 1867) in Britain and to political advances in France from 1848. The position of the urban operative class, although it lacked stinting power, was heighten by its submerging in large towns. Gradually political concessions had to be make to them, partly to avoid unrest. Reference aptitude be do to the Reform Acts (1867 and 1884), with its supplements such as the reclusive B allot Act, in Britain and to political events in France.Political concessions were also make to the running(a) class in Germany by the end of the ordinal century. It will be relevant to discuss social reform, for example in preparation and housing, which came about more often than not because of the political pressures from the working class. High credit should be given when candidates point out the link between industrialisation and new political ideas such as socialism and Marxism. UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 9 4 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01why was von capital of North Dakota more flourishing than the revolutionaries of 184849 in integrate Germany? The key issue is the contrast between capital of North Dakotas success and the stroke of the German revolutionaries in 184849. Examiners should expect a reasonable balance. 6040 either way can deservingness any mark but 7030 would normally lead to the award of one tie reject than would otherwise be given. However, as in all answers, the overall quality of the argument will be the most most-valuable criterion. An brilliant discussion of Bismarck in an otherwise gruesome answer mogul so far be deserving a utmost mark.Band 5 (1113) will require a elemental understanding of either Bismarck or the 184849 revolutions. The question asks Why? and the most effective answers will be analytical but answers that contain sequential analyses of Bismarck and 184849 should not be undervalued. Bismarck was helped by Prussias strong military power whereas the prior revolutionaries had been militarily weak. He was supported by William I whereas Frederick William IV spurned the calamity of a German crown. However, Frederick William IV did forgo a relatively liberal organisation that became attractive to other German states.Prussias economic system was strong candidates can discuss the importance of the Zollverein. Bismarck was more quick- witted in treatment the other German states. He was more successful in breeding with other countries through his diplomacy and use of war. Candidates can illustrate this through the Danish contend (1864), the Austro-Prussian struggle (1866) and the Franco-Prussian contend (1870). Meanwhile, Austria was a weaker rival by the 1860s and less able to restrain German unification. 5 Explain the problems European countries faced in promoting violet expanding upon during the after ordinal century.The key issue is the problems faced by European countries when they tenanted in gallant enterprises. Examiners will determine for some examples, both from Europe and overseas. However, the set up of possible overseas examples is wide and examiners will be true-to-life(prenominal) in their expectations. For example, some very good arguments cleverness be supported by examples from a limited range of regions. There were problems in communication. Governments were sometimes involved in enterprises because of the actions of local officials, for example Britain and Cecil Rhodes. Sometimes antithetical policies were favoured.For example, Bismarck was less gung ho than German public opinion. In spite of hopes for profits, imperial expansion could be expensive. Imperialism resulted in tensions between countries and added to military be because larger and more expensive navies were needed. There was the danger of war and reference can be made to some crises such as Britain and Frances involvement at Fashoda (1898). Some candidates magnate slant the question to use problems as a imposture to explain the causes of imperialism, for example economic advantage or strategic interests.This will be valid as long as the link is made between causes and problems. UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 10 6 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 Why was the starting line macrocosm War so master(prenominal) in the downfall of t he Romanov regime and the victory of the losss? The key issue is the link between the introductory World War and the events of 1917. Candidates world power take either of two approaches. 191417 might be seen as the culmination of a long disdain of tsarist government, with less attention existence given to the wartime period.Alternatively, answers might begin in 1914. Either approach is possible but the temptation in the first will be to spend too long on the pre-war period. In particular, the Bolsheviks were not in a strong position in 1914 and answers in Band 1 (2125) and Band 2 (1820) will need to show a sound understanding of the Bolshevik victory by the end of 1917. Answers that deal only with the February or the October Revolutions might find it difficult to get beyond Band 3 (1617). The war discredited Nicholas IIs regime. Russia suffered heavy defeats with massive casualties.The resulting ostentatiousness ruined an economy that had been improving by 1914 but was still t oo weak to sustain the pressures of the conflict. feed became short. The Tsars decision to take personal keep in line showed his lack of ability as a military drawing card but it also discredited him politically. Russia was remaining to the rule of tsarina Alexandra and Rasputin. The outcome was the February Revolution. In spite of their later propaganda, Lenin and the Bolsheviks were not principal(prenominal) in this rising. Kerensky and the probationary Government failed to e turn overlish a lasting government.They tried to deal with grievances about intellectual nourishment and land but ineffectively. The many political groups could not be managed. The war go along unsuccessfully and the resulting grievances increased. Although Lenin and the Bolsheviks were checked in the July Days, Kornilovs attempted coup detat discredited Kerensky. The October Revolution showed the ability of Lenin and the Bolsheviks, although a minority, to take fatal action. Lenins promise of majo r reforms and slogans such as All power to the soviets had an enthusiastic response. Lenin soon dilapidated his offer of a coalition government to install the Bolsheviks securely in power. The unpopularity of the Versailles settlement was the most important reason why Hitler gained power in 1933. How far do you agree with this judgement? The key issue is the reasons why Hitler came to power in 1933. Candidates might continue the explanation throughout 1933 by explaining the sequence of events from his betrothal as chancellor to the introduction of the alter Act. However, answers that end with the prime ministers conflict can moral excellence any mark. The question asks candidates to consider curiously the importance of the Versailles settlement.This dismantled the German military. Colonies were surrendered. There were territorial concessions in Europe, especially the replica of Alsace-Lorraine to France and the loss of areas in the east to Poland. large number who were regarded as German were living in other countries. Reparations had to be paid. Unification with Austria was forbidden. The War Guilt article attributed blame for the First World War to Germany. Hatred of the settlement, the stab in the back and the November Criminals united Germans. This can form the seat of a good answer.However, answers in Band 1 (2125) and Band 2 (1820) can be anticipate to go further and compare Versailles as a reason with other factors. Weimar Germany did not establish a stable democracy. proportionate representation allowed small parties to exert unwarrantable politician influence. Changes of government were frequent. Extreme right and left-wing parties caused tensions. However, higher(prenominal) credit should be given to candidates who understand the limited supplication of the Nazis in the 1920s. The Munich putsch (1923) was put down easily. The army and the Junkers/traditionally strong right hand social classes proceed to exert influence.Neverthele ss, Weimar seemed to have been more successful in the 1920s. It sticking out(p) the worst economic effects of the war, came to agreements about the repayment of reparations and was accepted as a leading member of the League of Nations. The destruction of Stresemann was a volte-face and it can be argued that the Wall pass Crash (1929) that bevy the Weimar Republic off-course. Hitler himself was an effective leader. He reinforced up the Nazis through organisation and propaganda to accommodate the second largest caller in the 1930 pick and the largest in 1932 but they actually incapacitated support in a later election that year.He kept his nerve when others, such as von Papen, view that they could control him, refusing to accept any bureau except Chancellor. UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 11 8 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 How different were Stalins policies in governing Russia to 1939 from those of Nicholas II ? The key issue is the contrast between Stalin and Nicholas II. Examiners can appearance for a equilibrise approach. 6040 either way can merit any mark but 7030 would normally lead to the award of one Band lower than would otherwise be given.However, as in all answers, the overall quality of the argument will be the most important criterion. An excellent discussion of either Stalin or Nicholas II in an otherwise unbalanced answer might still be worth a high mark. Candidates are free to argue that the similarities were more important than the differences they were both autocrats they suppressed political opposition their riddle police operated immaterial the law they represented a personal cult of government. However, it might be claimed that Stalins rule was more brutal. The millions of casualties went far beyond the numbers who were prosecuted/persecuted by Nicholas II.Their ideologies were different. Stalin claimed, justifiably or not, that his regime was based on Marxism. Nic holas II ruled by divine right. A few candidates might mention their different attitudes to religion and the church service but this is not necessary for any mark. Their economic policies were different. Stalin regarded economic change as a high priority. He pushed through radical reforms in agriculture and labor that had wholesale social implications. Nicholas II allowed some economic reforms for example the policies of Witte and Stolypin but they were not particularly important to his conservative mind.Nicholas II was averse to change, strange Stalin who introduced constant political social and economic change. Although he enjoyed an autocratic position, Nicholas II was personally weak, open to advice especially from the Tsarina. He allowed some courtiers and Rasputin to have too much influence. Stalin shared power with nobody. He finished those who helped him to power, including Kamenev, Zinoviev and Bukharin. The purges destroyed people who were not a real threat to his r egime. UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net